Du Bois, W.E.B. "The Birth of a Nation." The Crisis 11-12 (Nov. 1915-Oct. 1916): 85.

Neymeyer, Robert. "May Harmony Prevail: The Early History of Black Waterloo," The Palimpsest 80 (1980): 80-91.

Waterloo West High School Year Book, 1910.

University of Northern Iowa Records.

The History of Antioch Baptist Church pamphlet.

The History of Payne A.M.E. Memorial pamphlet.

1915 Iowa Census.